Pope Innocent III - Powerful Medieval Pontiff

Pope Innocent III Was Also Known As Lothair of Segni; in Italian, Lotario di Segni (birth name). Pope Innocent III Was Known For Calling the Fourth Crusade and the Albigensian Crusade, approving the works of Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assisi, and convoking the Fourth Lateran Council. One of the most influential pontiffs of the Middle Ages,  Innocent  built the papacy  into a more powerful, prestigious institution than it had ever been before. He  viewed the role of the pope as not merely a spiritual leader but a secular one as well, and while he held the papal office he made that vision a reality. Occupations Crusade SponsorPopeWriter Places of Residence and Influence Italy Important Dates Born:  c. 1160Elevated to Cardinal Deacon: 1190Elected Pope: Jan. 8, 1198Died:  July 16, 1215 About Pope Innocent III Lothairs mother was nobility, and his aristocratic relatives may have made his studies at the Universities of Paris and Bologna possible. Blood ties to Pope Clement III may also be responsible for his elevation to a cardinal deacon in 1190. However, he didnt get very involved in papal politics at this point, and he had time to write on theology, including the works On the Miserable Condition of Man and On the Mysteries of the Mass.​ Almost immediately upon his election as pope, Innocent sought to reassert papal rights in Rome, bringing about peace among the rival aristocratic factions and gaining the respect of the Roman people within a few years. Innocent also took a direct interest in the German succession. He believed that the pope had the right to approve or reject any election that was questionable on the grounds that the German ruler could claim the title of Holy Roman Emperor, a position that affected the spiritual realm. At the same time, Innocent explicitly disclaimed secular power in most of the remainder of Europe; but he still took a direct interest in matters in France and England, and his influence in Germany and Italy alone was enough to bring the papacy to the forefront of medieval politics. Innocent called the Fourth Crusade, which was diverted to Constantinople. The pope excommunicated the Crusaders who attacked Christian cities, but he made no move to halt or overturn their actions because he felt, erroneously, that the Latin presence would bring about a reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches. Innocent also ordered a crusade against the Albigenses, which successfully subdued the Cathar heresy in France but at a great cost in life and blood. In 1215 Innocent convoked the  Fourth Lateran Council,  the most successful and well-attended ecumenical council of the Middle Ages. The Council passed several very important decrees, including Canons concerning the dogma of Transubstantiation and reforms of the clergy. Pope Innocent III died suddenly while preparing for a new Crusade. His papacy stands as an impressive political force of the thirteenth century.   The text of this document is copyright  ©2014 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website.   The URL for this document is:  https://www.thoughtco.com/pope-innocent-iii-1789017

Persuasive Speech About Animal Cruelty - 1409 Words

You want to know something horrify and heartbreaking? People say they love animals but that’s false. Something that animal lovers don’t know is that 56 billion farmed animals are killed every year by humans and 200 million animals are reported killed by hunters in the United States every year. Treating animals for their fur and bones is not good for them and us. There meat can cause cancer, using their belongings is depressing and there should be more compassionate for them. I see animals as humans because they can feel happiness, sadness, anger and lastly pain. Animals can’t fight for their body but in this generation many vegetarians and vegans are against animal cruelty. In this life babies are born to feed at first when they come†¦show more content†¦They inject all of those chemicals to make the chicken bigger but that’s hurting us and all the little kids out there for their future. It may cause heart diseases and at a point when we have to t ake so many pills to get better. On Netflix there’s a documentary that came out this year called ‘What the Health’. He also talks about meat causes cancer. He interviewed three people who were sick with cancer and they all went to many doctors to get better but they just receive pills to take and hope for their best. The guy in the video tells them to stop taking the pills, stop eating process meat, try to exercise and he’ll come back in two weeks to see how they are. When that day came those three people he interviewed looked so much healthier and had so much energy. Not eating meat may cause a different in us and a longer life because we are hurting animals by killing them but really they are killing us. When it comes to shopping, I am a very picky person. It can be with makeup, shoes, clothes and furniture. One main problem when it comes to being picky is that I make sure it’s not made by animal’s fur. That animal fur somebody may be weari ng on their body once loved nature and they had no idea there life was going too soon. I know many girls don’t care when it comes to makeup because makeup is also a girl’s best friend but what gets me uncomfortable is the brushes. Some makeup company make there brushes byShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Novel, Animal Farm881 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel, Animal Farm: 1945. Persuasive proses will be discussed with the use of linguistic features such as lexical cohesion, metaphor, hyperbole, mood, pronouns, quoted speech, polarity and tense. This will be based on the persuasion and the creation of an alliance, focussing on the freedom and concern of similar parties. The entire extract has made use of quoted speech using scare quotes, drawing attention to the speaker’s ideas and message of freedom and a possible rebellion. The quoted speech is directedRead MoreWe Like It1884 Words   |  8 PagesMy persuasive speech will be on the topic of Animal Testing. Animal testing is the testing and experimentation of products on animals to test the safety levels and reactions. I chose to select this topic, because it really bothers me that animal testing is still allowed today. I have pets, and all my friends have pets and its just something I could never imagine them going through. I will need to find information concerning the laws on animal testing, the different types of animal testingRead MorePersuasive Speech For Teenagers Who Are Considering Becoming Vegan1349 Words   |  6 PagesJackson PORTER English Persuasive Speech Statement of Intent: I am writing a persuasive speech for teenagers who are considering becoming vegan. This would be presented at schools and could also be formed into some sort of video to go online. My contentions are that eating a strictly vegan diet can cause an insufficient intake of essential nutrients as well as that eating only vegetables can create an extremely high demand for plant products in turn killing thousands of small animals. I am going to challengeRead MorePersuasive Speech : Factory Farming822 Words   |  4 PagesSample Persuasive Speech Outline Topic: Factory Farming Organizational Pattern: Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that factory farms are dangerous and abusive and therefore need to be banned. Primary Audience Outcome: I the want the audience to join or support national organizations that protest against factory farms. 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Frederick Douglass rose to fame after publishing ‘The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass’, a slave narrative which reco unted his experiences as a slave. A slave narrative is persuasive non-fiction that is written in the first person. Its intention is to enlighten the audience on the terrors of slavery and spur immediate action against it. Slave narratives were targeted at the Northerners because they were more sympathetic towardsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1376 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell or Eric Blair, the author of â€Å"Animal Farm†, was a man who was best known for his journalism, writing, and political insights. He was able to bind all the corruption caused by the Russian Revolution, Stalinism, and Communism in an allegorical book, â€Å"Animal Farm.† In his book, he symbolized all the leaders and significant people involved in the Russian Revolution from Karl Marx to Tsar Nicholas II to Hitler, in the setting of a rebellion of animals towards humans. In Orwell’s allegory, thereRead MorePersuasive Speech: Pit Bulls Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesNicole Watki ns Persuasive Speech Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to petition against Maryland’s law to identify â€Å"Pit Bulls† as a dangerous breed of dog. Six months ago, almost to the day, my best friend and her new puppy were attacked. She was dog sitting her grandmother’s Mastiff, whom at the time had no previous violent history. She kept the Mastiff and her puppy in separate rooms in order to make sure there were no problems, but that wasn’t enough. One day, out of nowhere, the MastiffRead MoreAnimal Farm : All Power Corrupts1688 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Farm: All Power Corrupts â€Å"Choose a novel or short story or a work of non-fiction which explores a theme which you find interesting. By referring to appropriate techniques, show how the writer explores the theme.† In the novel â€Å"Animal Farm†, author George Orwell explores a multitude of various themes. However, the underlying, ever-present, and arguably the most important theme in the book is power, and the corrupting effect it has on those who receive it. Orwell uses various language techniquesRead MorePeta s Use Of Visual Imagery As Rhetoric1979 Words   |  8 PagesPromoting Social Change and Animal Rights As one of the most well-recognized animal rights organizations, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, better known as PETA, uses different rhetorical techniques in order to convey their message that â€Å"it is the right of all beings - human and non-human - to be free of harm.† (peta.org) PETA has made a significant impact on the animal rights movement over the past 36 years through their persistence, campaigning, and advocating for animal rights. According to

Photoshop should be banned for models - 1535 Words

Digitally altering pictures or ‘Photoshopping’ is the norm of not only the fashion industry but any industry related to print media nowadays. Retouching pictures has not blossomed due to technology, we can trace it back to 1500’s when the period of high renaissance art was fading away a new form of art was emerging known as Mannerism which applauded the modified physic of the subjects over the regular ones(1). Setting impossible standards, models are made to look like virtual perceptions and nothing like their own selves. Being in the fashion industry, models that are already in perfect shape and in the pursuit of the ‘size 0’ are slimmed down to a point where the alteration is very apparent. Their faces enhanced, their curves made†¦show more content†¦Continuous dieting however can also result in other eating disorders, compulsive eating and its other form, bulimia nervosa, a disorder in which the victim, most commonly a women diets, experie nces rebound binge eating due to food deprivation and then purges to get rid of the excessive calories she had taken. Food restraint can sometimes directly cause compulsive eating, an act which can swiftly turn into a relentless habit. On the other hand is another disorder called Bulimia, which can be termed as an illness , can be initiated by one thinking it would work out as an effective way to control weight but it rapidly develops into an addiction which can overwhelm the victim and in turn becomes their way of coping up with emotional problems. Quite recently eating disorders induced by the physiological pressure of media with a big hand of digitally altered models has claimed lives. Ana Carolina Reston, 21 a model from her teenage years died after she took on a diet of only apples and tomatoes. Luis Ramos, 22 died from a heart attack due to her living on only diet coke and lettuce. (2). Prominent nose, ideal calves, thigh gaps, proper bust to waist ratio, pouty lips, enhanced cheek bones, wrinkle free smooth skin. These are some of the many digitally corrected phenomenons in the post photo shoot process. These are also some of the physical attributes that attract or seduce the average male. Waist to hipShow MoreRelatedMedia Has Too Much Pressure On Girls1169 Words   |  5 PagesMany believe it is the media (â€Å"Thought I Was Fat and Ugly†). That media could be television, advertising, or magazines. The media has put too much pressure on girls to have â€Å"perfect† bodies because of how much television we watch, companies using models that are much smaller than the average American woman, and many young girls are not satisfied with their bodies. Not only the images from television shows are unfair, but the advertisements on television and in other forms of media are influencingRead MoreThe Media Of A Middle School Student1486 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"women.† The media is falsifying the appearance of, and ideals about, women; this negatively affects a man’s opinion about women, as well as a woman’s opinion about herself. Because unrealistic representation of women in the media is harmful, the media should instead portray realistic and positive ideals about women. Photo shopped images are seen on a daily basis. According to the Beauty Redefined Administration, â€Å"The average women sees 600 photo shopped images per day† (BR Admin). 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There is something that society needs to realize. Society is being fooled. The beauty shown in media is not realistic and it is not obtainable. For our public advocacy project, we want to dispel media’sRead MoreWhy Is Unhealthy Perceived As Sexy?1503 Words   |  7 Pagesinsecure about themselves, leading to the development of an eating disorder. â€Å"Eating disorders affect and kill many people every single year. Whether it is anorexia, bulimia, or an eating disorder not otherwise specified, they aren’t something that should be taken lightly.† (National Eating Disorder Association). Eating disorders affect everyone, from pre-teens to seniors. An eating disorder is a physiological disorder that causes somebody to think differently about their body, making them either starveRead MoreMedia s Effect On The Self Esteem Of The Girls1739 Words   |  7 Pagesto the use of airbrushing method, the editing, lighting, and also the process of the models achieving those ideal bodies, their self-esteem will be low and ways of extreme diet will result in eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Consequently, to achieve those standards of physical appearance, there is a socially constructed idea that in order to be beautiful, that is, in order to be like those thin models and celebrities, it is necessary to be unhealth y (Serdar, n.d.). Moreover, media lowerRead MoreLimitations on BMI Model Bodies1084 Words   |  5 Pagesover the ultra skinny models on a Vogue magazine? They aren’t, most men are ogling over the centerfold of a Playboy magazine. So why do young girls and women all over the world struggle psychologically and physically to look like those models? And what effect does this have on our society? Should the use of models with a low Body Mass Index (BMI) be banned from fashion, media, and print? I will answer all of these questions and more, to support my view on why there should be changes placed onRead MoreShould Steroids Be Illegal For Athletes?900 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If steroids are illegal for athletes, then why isn’t photoshop illegal for models?†. Documented steroid usage has increased significantly over the past decade, however this paper contends that with the help of medical research, medical surveys and first hand experience, I will demonstrate steroids are n ot as hazardous as the general public perceives steroids to be. As steroid use continues to be identified in the news, a growing trend in America and all over the world right now seems to be askingRead MoreMedia s Effect On Society1496 Words   |  6 PagesMedia presents us with many types of negative messages. Mass media tells us how we should look and behave in society. Adds in the media sell more than product they are selling an image. Violence is persuasive and now a troubling aspect of the new world. Media shows us that women need to have the newest trends and ultra-thin bodies to be considered beautiful in society. It tells us that the most important thing is our image. Jean Kilbourne talks about how the image of woman has changed so much overRead MoreThe Image Of Children And Young Adults Essay2211 Words   |  9 Pagessociety that America is a part of is continually influenced by the advertisements within it. Children and young adults often determine a mold of who they asp ire to be simply through viewing a commercial on a television. The â€Å"Macho-man† and/or â€Å"Skinny Model† serve as the universal standard in contemporary advertising, and oftentimes even for products that are in no way related to the health or looks of an individual. Along with this, products and/or the appearance of people in advertisements are often

Analysis of Ophelias Character in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

In the English play Hamlet, Shakespeare incorporates deep analytical thought in his writing by the use of character, symbolism, and motifs. Specifically, readers can find these characteristics through analytical reading of the character Ophelia. While initially reading the story, Ophelia represents a character that is typical of the women in the 1600s, one who is too submissive and directed by the people around her. First impressions of Ophelias character seem much too simplistic- one that is emotionally governed and trivial, in a sense. However, when her words are analyzed along with her motives and state of mind, it appears that there is a greater sense of understanding, an underlying motive that is directed and well thought out by her†¦show more content†¦This conflict is evident in the first act of the play when Laertes is set to leave to France. Laertes departing words to Ophelia are focused upon Hamlet and his supposed motives dealing with Ophelia. Laertes describes th e relationship as one that is [Forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting]. He believes that this relationship is temporary and will not have any lasting benefits. It seems that the opposite may be true, in which Hamlet is set to marry Ophelia. In the 1600s, a person of royalty is expected to find love with either someone who is of the nobility or of the royalty in a different land. The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia (who is of the nobility) appears to be public. It is unlikely that this relationship will end soon. This is especially true due to Hamlets circumstance of his fathers untimely death and his investigation on Claudius right to the throne and the possibility of murder. If anything, Hamlet may want to end the relationship with Ophelia, but Laertes points out a factor that may make Hamlet decide differently. [His choice must be circumscribed unto the voice and yielding of that body whereof he is the head] points to the fact that Hamlet is under the influence of the royal family. It is unclear how much of Denmarks populace knows about this relationship, but there are people in Denmarks nobility whoShow MoreRelatedThe Symbolism Of Ophelia s Hamlet 1500 Words   |  6 Pagescould the text be read and interpreted differently by two different readers? Text Analyzed: Shakespeare’s Hamlet Part of the Course to Which the Text Corresponds to: Part 4 Thesis: In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, Ophelia’s role would be interpreted as a plot device by a modern English woman and as a victim by an Elizabethan woman. This would occur because of their understanding of the symbolism of Ophelia’s actions in madness, the context surrounding Hamlet’s view of her, and their characterizationRead MoreThe Symbolism of Ophelia’s Character Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Symbolism of Ophelia’s Character The name Ophelia has been most commonly associated with William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, where she is referred to as the title characters mad lover. She is believed to have killed herself out of madness by drowning herself in a river. Interpretations about Ophelias character have ranged from being a woman who lost her sanity upon her father, Polonius death to being the object of hatred by Hamlet. However, despite her supporting character in the play, herRead MoreThe Death and Madness of Ophelia1248 Words   |  5 Pages2013 â€Å"The Madness Death of Ophelia† Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: By; William Shakespeare In Hamlet, Shakespeare makes it clear that Prince Hamlet is insane or at least on the verge of â€Å"madness.† However, Ophelia (daughter of Polonius, King of Denmark) begins to go mad, as well, after Hamlet kills her father, and the other numerous tragedies that plague her like a black cloud hovering about until her untimely death. In this literary analysis I will ask, and attempt to explain the symbolismRead MoreThe Analysis of the Character Ophelia on Hamlet Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Ophelia is the most static character in the play. Instead of changing through the course of the play, she remains suffering in the misfortunes perpetrated upon her. She falls into insanity and dies a tragic death. Ophelia has issues surviving without a male influence, and her downfall is when all the men in her life abandon her. Hamlet’s Ophelia, is a tragic, insane character that cannot exist on her own. In Elizabethan times, Ophelia is restricted as a woman. SheRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hamlet 1366 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis Psychological State of the Characters in Hamlet The English Play writer, William Shakespeare had written many well-known pieces of work including Hamlet. Hamlet is known to be one of his most popular works. Hamlet was written in the late 16th Century about the Prince of Denmark. The original title of the work was The Tragedy of Hamlet, now it is referred to as just Hamlet. In Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses the mental state of his characters to prove that not all characters in booksRead MoreFeminism in Hamlet1451 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist Criticism and Its Integration in Hamlet† In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, many controversies arose from the text, one of which was feminism. Feminism in the most general of terms is known as the principle advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men. Feminism was a largely debated issue in the context of eighteenth century literature specific to many of Shakespeare’s texts. Feminist Criticism is similar in content but is more specific andRead More Hamlet - Shakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Essay3388 Words   |  14 PagesHamlet - Shakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Shakespeares Ophelia is not lacking in attention. As one of Shakespeares most popular female characters she has enjoyed many appellations from the bard. Fair Ophelia. Most beautified Ophelia. Pretty Ophelia. Sweet Ophelia. Dear Ophelia. Beautiful Ophelia†¦sweet maid†¦poor wretch. Poor Ophelia. (Vest 1) All of these names for Ophelia can be found in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Since Shakespeares incarnationRead MoreEssay on The Character Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Character Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius, the right hand man of the King. Although she is only in five scenes Ophelia plays an interesting role in this play as the seemingly passive, melancholy, innocent little girl whose story ends in tragedy. From the beginning Ophelia is an obedient character who has real trouble thinking for herself. This could be seen as one of the reasons for her eventual downfall, due to her inabilityRead MoreHamlet Problem Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: Why did Gertrude Marry Claudius? Claudius classified his marriage to Gertrude as an equal scale weighing delight and dole (1.2.12). However, the audience of William Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, has a hard time comprehending exactly what drove Gertrude to her hasty marriage a mere two months after the death of her husband. Character analysis along with evidence taken from the play makes the answer obvious. GertrudeRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - The Character of Ophelia Essay3341 Words   |  14 PagesHamlet: The Character of Ophelia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concerning the Ophelia of Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet, is she an innocent type or not? Is she a victim or not? This essay will explore these and other questions related to this character.    Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† viciously, and perhaps unfoundedly, attacks the virginity of Ophelia:    There is no more bizarre aspect of the misreading of Hamlet’s character than the assumption

Philosophy Behind the Leadership Position in a Learning Organization Free Essays

Imagine this. You have served for years as an assistant to the Principal at a local high school. Recently, the school has become plagued with administrative problems affecting the day to day operations of the school, the quality of education for students, and teacher development. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Behind the Leadership Position in a Learning Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now As someone with long-standing experience in that school, you have been promoted to the highest leadership position at that school. Part of your role in the leadership of a learning organization includes policy development, decision making, professional development, and the monitoring of organizational progress. This paper will identify and examine the relevant leadership skills and strategies necessary to develop a successful, thriving learning organization. The philosophy behind the leadership position in a learning organization has emerged in recent years as a concern for parents, teachers and policy-makers alike. Changes must be implemented in the current supervisory process, as the role of leadership in a school setting has progressed from the principal as an instructional leader, to the principal as a transactional leader and, most recently, to the role of transformational leader. High performing leaders have a personal vision for their school and the knowledge, skills, and dispositions to develop, articulate and implement a shared vision that is supported by the larger organization and the school community (Anonymous author, 2001). Numerous studies on the topic have revealed the importance of leadership skills and strategies of the school leader. These studies clearly indicate that improved education for students requires improved leadership and supervisory skills. The leader in a learning organization must develop and administer policies that provide a safe school environment and establish operational plans and processes to accomplish strategic goals. Research indicates that a necessary aspect of policy development is the intertwining of the daily operations of the school to school and student learning goals (Anonymous author, 2001). Additionally, the major sources of fiscal and nonphysical resources for the school including business and community resources must be analyzed and identified (Anonymous author, 2001). The financial and material assets must be managed, as well as capital goods and services, allocating resources according to district or school priorities (Anonymous author, 2001). Policy development includes an efficient budget planning process that is driven by district and school priorities and involves the staff and community. A strong leadership quality is the ability to identify and organize resources to achieve curricular and instructional goals (Anonymous author, 2001). Research indicates that the process of planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating a district budget must be analyzed, and techniques and organizational skills necessary to lead and manage a complex and diverse organization must be demonstrated (Anonymous author, 2001). Furthermore, policy development includes the planning and scheduling of one’s own and others’ work so that resources are used appropriately, and short- and long-term priorities and goals are met (Anonymous author, 2001). Policy development lies at the basis for a successful learning institution where the needs and goals of students, teachers and the community are met. Research indicates that the decision a leader in a learning organization makes has a strong influence on what will or will not occur in classrooms throughout the country. The leader must take a results oriented approach, and frame, analyze, and resolve problems using appropriate problem solving techniques and decision making skills (Anonymous author, 2001). In this way, good decisions can be made by viewing events and problems from multiple perspectives, and through the use of multiple sources of data to inform decisions. Additionally, decisions must be made based on the moral and ethical implications of policy options and political strategies (Anonymous author, 2001). Research indicates that the leader must recognize situations that require forcefulness and self-confidence in making decisions and delegate authority and responsibility clearly and appropriately to accomplish organization goals (Anonymous author, 2001). Finally, logical conclusions and making high quality, timely decisions must be based on the best available information. According to Marks and Printy (2003), the decision making tasks to be accomplished encompass those of supervision and evaluation of instruction, of staff development activities, of curriculum development knowledge and activities, of group development knowledge and activities, of action research, of development of a positive school climate, and of the creation of links between school and community. Technical skills include goal setting, assessment and planning, instructional observation, research and evaluation; whereas, interpersonal skills are those of communication, motivation, decision making, problem solving, and conflict management (Marks Printy, 2003). In order to meet the rapidly changing needs of our students, teachers must be given the authority to make appropriate instructional decisions. Therefore, the basis for school leadership must include teachers and parents, as well as the principal, in the role of problem finding and problem identification (Marks Printy, 2003). Youngs and King (2002) state that a prominent way in which leaders shape school conditions and teaching practices is through their beliefs and actions regarding teacher professional development. Individual teacher competence is necessary for effective classroom practice, and that teachers must be able to integrate knowledge of students, subject matter, and teaching context in planning out units and lessons and assessing student work (Youngs King, 2002). The studies discussed by Youngs and King examine the relationship of capacity to instructional quality and student achievement, finding that effective school leaders can sustain high levels of capacity by building trust, creating structures that promote teacher learning, assist in the implementation of general reforms. Their study results also suggest that during transitions in school leadership, incoming leaders must be cognizant of shared norms and values among their faculties before initiating new practices into the curriculum, instruction, or school organization (Youngs King, 2002). Other research on the topic indicates that speaking with teachers in and outside of instructional conferences was the cornerstone of effective leadership (Blase, 1999). Organizational leaders in a school setting use five primary talking strategies with teachers to promote reflection: 1) making suggestions; 2) giving feedback; 3) modeling; 4) using inquiry and soliciting advice and opinions; and 5) giving praise (Blase, 1999). Another important aspect of effective leadership is the promotion of teachers’ professional growth with respect to teaching methods and collegial interaction about teaching and learning (Blase, 1999). According the to Blase study, effective instructional leaders used six teacher development strategies: 1) emphasizing the study of teaching and learning; 2) supporting collaboration efforts among educators; 3) developing coaching relationships among educators; 4) encouraging and supporting redesign of programs; 5) applying the principles of adult learning, growth, and development to all phases of staff development; and 6) implementing action research to inform instructional decision making. The study results found that school leaders that were effective provided former staff development opportunities to address emergent instructional needs. These opportunities resulted in innovation and creativity, variety in teaching, risk taking and positive responses to student diversity as well as effects on motivation, efficacy and self-esteem (Blase, 1999). Monitoring of Organizational Progress Finally, a core leadership skill of a learning organization is the continual monitoring of the school’s progress. The studies discussed by Youngs and King (2002) reach the conclusion that school leaders can affect achievement indirectly by establishing a mission or set of goals and building school-wide commitment to them. As a result, higher student achievement can be associated with higher levels of school professional community and program coherence (Youngs King, 2002). Along with monitoring the school’s goals and mission, leaders must continue to facilitate the development and implementation of a shared vision and strategic plan for the school that places student and faculty learning at the center (Anonymous author, 2001). The leader of a learning organization must align instructional objectives and curricular goals with the shared vision and articulate the district’s or school’s vision, mission and priorities to the community (Anonymous author, 2001). The learning organization must be understood as a political system, relating the vision, mission, and goals to the welfare of students, and its’ leader must articulate and reinforce that vision in written and spoken communications. In this way, a positive school culture for learning is created, along with conditions that enhance the staff’s desire and willingness to focus energy on achieving educational excellence (Anonymous author, 2001). Finally, the leader must model professionalism, collaboration and continuous learning in order to successfully monitor the organizations progress. Learning to become a leader of an learning organization is a complex, multidimensional task. If school leaders believe that growth in student learning is the primary goal of schooling, then it is a task worth learning. In today’s rapidly changing world that means becoming a leader of leaders by learning and working with teachers, students, and parents to improve instructional quality. Goal setting and problem solving become site-based, collective collaborative activities. The leadership of the principal is pivotal in ensuring that the process is informed of all school issues, especially those that relate to student instruction. As indicated by the literature available, policy development, decision making, professional development and progress monitoring are all key areas for leadership. If these areas are enhanced by strong leadership qualities, the future of the educational system will remain very bright. Additional studies on the leadership skills and strategies necessary to effectively lead a learning organization will assist in determining the next steps of our future leaders. How to cite Philosophy Behind the Leadership Position in a Learning Organization, Essay examples

Health Record Information System

Question: Discuss about the Health Record Information System. Answer: Introduction The project has been created for implementing the Information System called My Health Record'. The Commonwealth Government of Australia has produced this project. The purpose of the project will be developing a system that can summarise the health information of individual online. The organisation is looking forward to integrating the system with the local clinical system so that all the patient records can be viewed from a single remote system. The system will collect the new records that will be inputted into the system as well as the old record for getting a better view of the patient conditions. The project will be able to provide the best quality solution to the government organisation. The deliverables of the project are a secure connection to the clinical system, a secured software architecture, a system that can hold the record and collect data from other databases, a technology that the people can use for better health checking, a system that will facilitate the doctors' jobs, My Health Record System. Collecting Patient Record: The system will not allow the user to input any record manually. The system will automatically gather the data and the information from the clinical systems that are connected to it. The system will fetch the new records as well as the old records. Providing Stored Data to the User: The users of the system are doctors, physicians, patients, healthcare organisations and much more. The user can see/retrieve the stored data through the use of an application. Not all the users will be able to see all the data. There will be some layers of authorization. Cloud: It is a very powerful tool for the modern day technologies. This technology allows the data to be stored within a virtual storage that can be accessed from anywhere. The data from the clinical systems will be transferred to this cloud database temporarily when the user will ask for the patient record. After the user gets satisfied by the result, then the data will be erased. Data servers: The data servers are the hardware and software that provides the database services to the system. Storing and retrieving the data to the cloud is not the end of the story. The system must be able to provide the services like data collection, backup, retrieval and much more. Graphical User Interfaces: The graphical user interfaces are the medium through which the users can interact with the system. The interface may be same for all the users or different, but it depends on the functionality of the system. Programming Language: In order to make the system, it is required to write codes. The codes are written in some programming language. Audiences: As per the proposed projects characteristics, the audiences of the My Health Record system are all the patients and health care organisations of Australia. Regarding any information system development, there are various problems that may have to be faced by the project manager and project team members. These issues can occur due to various reasons and recognize the sources are not always possible. The problems are as following. Integration with the existing system: The different health care organisations make use of different clinical systems. The functionalities, communication medium, databases and software platform on which it has been developed are different. Therefore, the project team have to create a solution that can work for all the system otherwise configure the system features manually for different systems. Providing Safety: Any cyber attack can occur over any clinical system. As the system will be connected to the clinical systems internally, there is a huge possibility that the hacker can gain access to the system by attacking any health care system. Providing an enormous amount of data: As the system will only retrieve The data from the other systems and hold it for a small amount of time, any large-scale database is not necessary for providing an enormous amount of data transfer. Facilitating the treatment: The doctors can gather all the records of the patient's trough the system and easily start the treatment. The biggest benefits that the system will provide to the doctors and patients of Australia are as following. Bibliography: DesRoches, C.M., Charles, D., Furukawa, M.F., Joshi, M.S., Kralovec, P., Mostashari, F., Worzala, C. and Jha, A.K., 2013. Adoption of electronic health records grows rapidly, but fewer than half of US hospitals had at least a basic system in 2012.Health Affairs, pp.10-1377. Hripcsak, G. and Albers, D.J., 2013. Next-generation phenotyping of electronic health records.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(1), pp.117-121. Simpson, K.R., 2015. Electronic health records.MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing,40(1), p.68. Zhou, S.M., Fernandez-Gutierrez, F., Kennedy, J., Cooksey, R., Atkinson, M., Denaxas, S., Siebert, S., Dixon, W.G., ONeill, T.W., Choy, E. and Sudlow, C., 2016. Defining disease phenotypes in primary care electronic health records by a machine learning approach: a case study in identifying rheumatoid arthritis.PloS one,11(5), p.e0154515.

Strategic Public Relations Management Planning and Managing

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Public Relations Management for Planning and Managing. Answer: Introduction The evaluation of Public Relations Management is the central concern of this specific study. Public relations management is an essential function of an organization that helps to establish as well as maintain mutual beneficial relationship between the organization and the publics (Bowen Martin, 2010). The prime reason of choosing this particular topic is that it is one of the most complex organizational practice on which the success or failure a business majorly depend. The aim of the study is to analyse the importance of public relation management in a business. The study brings out the ways through which excellent public relations can be established. Specific methods and techniques are incorporated in order to analyse this particular topic. The structure of the document is illustrated in the below section that helps to create a mind map of the entire study. Introduction This is the initial section of the study that creates the backbone of the study. Methodology The methods used in this research are demonstrated in this particular section. Result and Discussion Here, the gathered data and information are analysed in detail manner. Conclusion It concludes the entire study and brings out some recommendations for future research. Table 1: Structure of the Study (Source: Created by author) Methodology The study pursues some specific methods and technologies in order to obtain its objectives. However, Documentary research process is the prime method that has been pursued in this study. Documentary research is the process of gathering data and information from the researches that are previously done by others (Grunig, 2013). In order to be more precise, the study here considers academic journals, books and relevant websites. These secondary sources help to enhance the accuracy of the present research and bring out own viewpoints on the basis of gathered data and information. Through studying several documents, the required context has been focused by contributing low cost. The reason behind choosing documentary research is the time and budget constraints that restrict the research to some extent. The limitation of the study would be manifested at the end of the study. Results and Discussion This particular section of the study analyse the collected information in a depth manner. More specifically, it defines the concept of excellent public relations and its importance in the organizations. Along with that, it identifies the essential factors which are contributed to excellent public relations. Besides, it emphasizes on the guidelines which can be used in order to staff the public relations or communication department of an organization effectively. Moreover, the discussions of conducting strategic public relations take place in this section. Excellent Public Relations As per the discussion of (Dozier, Grunig Grunig, 2013), the organizations are concerned more about their public relations management and thus sometimes they hire public relations professionals. In this context, it is important to mention that sometimes one public relation professional engage in one single organization. On the other way, some professionals work for public relation firms that work with a number of companies simultaneously. Besides the businesses, they work for non-profit charities, health care centres, government agencies, trade association and many more. In supporting the discussion, Austin Pinkleton (2015) stated that the managers tend to construct a positive image about their business among the people outside their organizations. Black (2013) argued that in public relation management, they do not consider only the people of outside their business. It is also mentioned that the publics of an organization include employees, customers, dealers, suppliers, media and t he general public as well. Culbertson Chen (2013) discussed about Excellence Theory of Public Relation Management in order to establish a clear concept about the topic. It is mentioned that the theory elaborates how the organizations are benefitted more by strengthening their public relations. The theory defines that a good relationship with public helps the organizations to develop as well as acquire their desired goals. Further, the organizations are able to reduce the cost of advertisements. It is because when the organizations successfully build trust with the publics, publics become loyal towards their business. Furthermore, the theory explains that better public relation management system help to know their public better. Thus, the managers are able to enhance their service quality by valuing their needs and increase their revenue by fulfilling the demand of the customers. In this context, Toth (2013) added that the managers should incorporate symmetrical communication programs in order to build long te rm public relations. It is also mentioned that it is a long term goal that the managers should monitor effectively. On the other way, Gandy (2013) opined that excellence public relation management can be characterized into four major categories. Firstly, the excellence theory leads the business to concentrate on empowering their public relation functions. Carroll Buchholtz (2014) argued that empowerment of public relation is one of the most critical management functions that need effective strategies to deal with. Secondly, the communicators play an effective role in strengthening the public relations. Gandy (2013) stated that the executives of the public relation management system play the managerial and administrative role in business. They are the key people who manage the entire stakeholder team and relation between them majorly depends on their management policies. Thirdly, public relation is categorized under the communication function of an organization. In this context, Carroll Buchholtz (2014) argued that the managers should separate the public relation process from other management fun ctions. Lastly, the management body of an organization should incorporate effective public relation models. This category concentrates on both the internal and external communication. Along with that, the relation between the public and the managers is built on the basis of two-way symmetrical model (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). Essential factors in excellent public relations According to Shani Chalasani (2013), organizational structure has an impact on the public relation and communication process. This is because communication majorly depends on the flow of information and reporting structure. It has been found that in a number of organizations the managers monitor their team in the base of hourly production. Numerous supervisors and administrative staffs maintain a systematic process in order to make smooth communication. This process helps them to create good public relation between the employees and the managers. In supporting the discussion, Olkkonen Luoma-Aho (2015) discussed about four essential factors which play essential roles to fit public relations in the organizational structure. These factors include multi divisional structure, network structure, matrix structure, and virtual structure. Multi divisional factor is adapted by the organizations where the headquarters coordinate and control the entire financial system of all the company divis ions. Some of the organizations are grouped into a number of divisions according to geographical region, customer type, and products. The divisions have the responsibilities to keep a record of their daily activities and inform their management team of headquarter. After gathering the data of all the company divisions, they staffs of the headquarters determines their performance status. According to the status, specific strategies are formulated. Besides, the network structural factor is incorporated when one single organization is involved in partnership business with other organizations. In such cases, the flow of information depends on all the organizations that are involved in partnership. Smith (2012) argued that these networks make the public relationship more complex where production and performance depend on the mutual agreements. Communication process needs to be smoother when collaboration is needed to solve the problems and make strategic move. Bingham O'Leary (2014) opi ned that matrix structural factor is involved in the flexible and dynamic organizational operations. In order to be more precise, the performance and the working system changes according to the requirements. On the other way, virtual structural factor affects the public relations when company depends on the independent workers for their high skills and knowledge in technology. In such cases, communication plays a major role to establish a long term public relation with their key employees. As stated by Cutlip (2013), the head of the public relation units plays a significant role in establishing long term public relations. Some factors are there that affect their roles and practices. The major factor is the capabilities of aligning present scenario with ultimate objective of the business. The view of present scenario of business helps them in future scanning process. These factors are essentials as it helps the heads of the public relations to focus on strategic management process. They should guide all the stakeholders in uncertainties and make the actions back to the organizational goals. Huang-Horowitz (2015) discussed that some crucial factors are there that are widely related to the public relation models. The factors are named as ROPE process that includes Research, Objectives, Programs, and Evaluation. Research is the process of identifying publics, their needs and problems along with their roles and responsibilities. In PR model, objective is the most major factor which needs to be clear so that the managers are able to solve the problems from their root. The third factor is to implement program which would accomplish the ultimate objectives of the business. Along with this, evaluation is the factor that helps to determine whether the program is working or not. As per the statement of Holtzhausen (2013), organizational culture actively shapes the management style of the organizations along with the day-to-day behaviour of the employees. It is mentioned that cognition is the crucial factor in the culture of an organization. The relation between the managers and the public majorly depend on their beliefs, values, norms, and ideologies. In cohesive culture, the behaviour of every member is clearly understood and thus the public relation is comparatively better in this cultural organization. On contrast, ambiguous culture delivers more challenges as the expected behaviour of people is not understood clearly. Guidelines for public relations or communication department Cutlip (2013) evaluated that some guidelines are there that helps the public relation and communication department to establish an effective relation between them. Cutlip (2013) discussed about the Linear communication model which is a one way communication process where message is transmitted by the sender and absorbed by the receiver. This particular model formulates guidelines in order to make the customer relationship strong. The communication driven activities are taken place in marketing and sales. The biggest challenge is that the receiver can interpret the message and bring a negative meaning as it is one way communication process. The senders are the organization who should ensure that their message would be interpreted in a positive manner. Gandy (2013) argued that two way symmetric model of communication is way more effective as it allows both the sender and receiver to communicate with other. Here, the guidelines follow a specific process where sender delivers message and receiver delivers feedback according to the message. Through creating a mutual satisfactory situation, it helps to establish a long term public relation. Strategic public relations As per the discussion of Holtzhausen (2013), the managers or the head of the public relation department should maintain some specific process in order to conduct strategic public relation. These are manifested in the below section: Firstly, the goals and objectives of the public relation management process should be formulated as well as defined clearly The head of the public relation department should identify the Publics or the targeted people with who the company would establish a long term relation Develop strategies and policies to fulfil the public relation plans Develop details of the entire process and draft budget Send message to the public who have been considered in the public relation plan Conclusion The study concludes that public relation is crucial in management process in order to establish a long term relation with their stakeholders. It brings out some significant guidelines that help the organization to improve their public relation management system. Time constraint and budget constraint are the major barriers in this research study. As the research has to be completed within specific time period with limited budget, documentary research has been chosen here. It is recommended that primary research can be done in the future researches with same topic. In order to be more precise, primary research would help to gather raw data which can be more reliable. Bibliography Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015).Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Bingham, L. B., O'Leary, R. (2014).Big ideas in collaborative public management. Routledge. Black, S. (2013).Practice of Public Relations. Routledge. Bowen, S. R. B. Martin, T. (2010).An overview to the public relations function. Business Expert Press. Carroll, A. B., Buchholtz, A. K. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Culbertson, H. M., Chen, N. (2013).International public relations: A comparative analysis. Routledge. Cutlip, S. M. (2013).The unseen power: Public relations: A history. Routledge. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013).Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Gandy Jr, O. H. (2013). Public relations and public policy: The structuration of dominance in the information age.Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations II,131. Grunig, J. E. (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Holtzhausen, D. R. (2013).Public relations as activism: postmodern approaches to theory practice. Routledge. Huang-Horowitz, N. C. (2015). Public relations in the small business environment: Creating identity and building reputation.Public Relations Review,41(3), 345-353. Olkkonen, L., Luoma-Aho, V. L. (2015). Broadening the concept of expectations in public relations.Journal of Public Relations Research,27(1), 81-99. Shani, D., Chalasani, S. (2013). Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Smith, R. D. (2012).Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Toth, E. L. (2013). The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives.Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations, 3-15.